Mirroring

This task demonstrates the traffic shadowing/mirroring capabilities of Istio. Traffic mirroring is a powerful concept that allows feature teams to bring changes to production with as little risk as possible. Mirroring brings a copy of live traffic to a mirrored service and happens out of band of the critical request path for the primary service.

Before you begin

  • Setup Istio by following the instructions in the Installation guide.

  • Start two versions of the httpbin service that have access logging enabled

httpbin-v1:

cat <<EOF | istioctl kube-inject -f - | kubectl create -f -
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: httpbin-v1
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: httpbin
        version: v1
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: docker.io/kennethreitz/httpbin
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: httpbin
        command: ["gunicorn", "--access-logfile", "-", "-b", "0.0.0.0:8080", "httpbin:app"]
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
EOF

httpbin-v2:

cat <<EOF | istioctl kube-inject -f - | kubectl create -f -
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: httpbin-v2
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: httpbin
        version: v2
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: docker.io/kennethreitz/httpbin
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: httpbin
        command: ["gunicorn", "--access-logfile", "-", "-b", "0.0.0.0:8080", "httpbin:app"]
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
EOF

httpbin Kubernetes service:

cat <<EOF | kubectl create -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: httpbin
  labels:
    app: httpbin
spec:
  ports:
  - name: http
    port: 8080
  selector:
    app: httpbin
EOF
  • Start the sleep service so we can use curl to provide load

sleep service:

cat <<EOF | istioctl kube-inject -f - | kubectl create -f -
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: sleep
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: sleep
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: sleep
        image: tutum/curl
        command: ["/bin/sleep","infinity"]
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
EOF

Mirroring

Let’s set up a scenario to demonstrate the traffic-mirroring capabilities of Istio. We have two versions of our httpbin service. By default Kubernetes will load balance across both versions of the service. We’ll use Istio to force all traffic to v1 of the httpbin service.

Creating default routing policy

  1. Create a default route rule to route all traffic to v1 of our httpbin service:
cat <<EOF | istioctl create -f -
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: httpbin
spec:
  hosts:
    - httpbin
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        name: httpbin
        subset: v1
      weight: 100
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: httpbin
spec:
  name: httpbin
  subsets:
  - name: v1
    labels:
      version: v1
  - name: v2
    labels:
      version: v2
EOF

Now all traffic should go to httpbin v1 service. Let’s try sending in some traffic:

export SLEEP_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})
kubectl exec -it $SLEEP_POD -c sleep -- sh -c 'curl  http://httpbin:8080/headers'

{
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Content-Length": "0", 
    "Host": "httpbin:8080", 
    "User-Agent": "curl/7.35.0", 
    "X-B3-Sampled": "1", 
    "X-B3-Spanid": "eca3d7ed8f2e6a0a", 
    "X-B3-Traceid": "eca3d7ed8f2e6a0a", 
    "X-Ot-Span-Context": "eca3d7ed8f2e6a0a;eca3d7ed8f2e6a0a;0000000000000000"
  }
}

If we check the logs for v1 and v2 of our httpbin pods, we should see access log entries for only v1:

export V1_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=httpbin,version=v1 -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})
kubectl logs -f $V1_POD -c httpbin

127.0.0.1 - - [07/Mar/2018:19:02:43 +0000] "GET /headers HTTP/1.1" 200 321 "-" "curl/7.35.0"

export V2_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=httpbin,version=v2 -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})
kubectl logs -f $V2_POD -c httpbin

<none>
  1. Change the route rule to mirror traffic to v2
cat <<EOF | istioctl replace -f -
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: httpbin
spec:
  hosts:
    - httpbin
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        name: httpbin
        subset: v1
      weight: 100
    mirror:
      name: httpbin
      subset: v2
EOF

This route rule specifies we route 100% of the traffic to v1. The last stanza specifies we want to mirror to the httpbin v2 service. When traffic gets mirrored, the requests are sent to the mirrored service with its Host/Authority header appended with -shadow. For example, cluster-1 becomes cluster-1-shadow. Also important to realize is that these requests are mirrored as “fire and forget”, i.e., the responses are discarded.

Now if we send in traffic:

kubectl exec -it $SLEEP_POD -c sleep -- sh -c 'curl  http://httpbin:8080/headers'

We should see access logging for both v1 and v2. The access logs created in v2 is the mirrored requests that are actually going to v1.

kubectl logs -f $V1_POD -c httpbin

127.0.0.1 - - [07/Mar/2018:19:02:43 +0000] "GET /headers HTTP/1.1" 200 321 "-" "curl/7.35.0"
127.0.0.1 - - [07/Mar/2018:19:26:44 +0000] "GET /headers HTTP/1.1" 200 321 "-" "curl/7.35.0"

kubectl logs -f $V2_POD -c httpbin

127.0.0.1 - - [07/Mar/2018:19:26:44 +0000] "GET /headers HTTP/1.1" 200 361 "-" "curl/7.35.0"

Cleaning up

  1. Remove the rules.

    istioctl delete virtualservice httpbin
istioctl delete destinationrule httpbin

  2. Shutdown the httpbin service and client.

    kubectl delete deploy httpbin-v1 httpbin-v2 sleep
kubectl delete svc httpbin

What’s next

Check out the Mirroring configuration reference documentation.