Installing Istio Sidecar

NOTE: The following requires Istio 0.5.0 or greater. See https://archive.istio.io/v0.4/docs/setup/kubernetes/sidecar-injection for Istio versions 0.4.0 or older.

NOTE: In previous releases, the Kubernetes initializer feature was used for automatic proxy injection. This was an Alpha feature, subject to change/removal, and not enabled by default in Kubernetes. Starting in Kubernetes 1.9 it was replaced by a beta feature called mutating webhooks, which is now enabled by default in Kubernetes 1.9 and beyond. Starting in Istio 0.5.0 the automatic proxy injection uses mutating webhooks, and support for injection by initializer has been removed. Users who cannot uprade to Kubernetes 1.9 should use manual injection.

Pod Spec Requirements

In order to be a part of the service mesh, each pod in the Kubernetes cluster must satisfy the following requirements:

  1. Service association: The pod must belong to a single Kubernetes Service (pods that belong to multiple services are not supported as of now).

  2. Named ports: Service ports must be named. The port names must be of the form <protocol>[-<suffix>] with http, http2, grpc, mongo, or redis as the <protocol> in order to take advantage of Istio’s routing features. For example, name: http2-foo or name: http are valid port names, but name: http2foo is not. If the port name does not begin with a recognized prefix or if the port is unnamed, traffic on the port will be treated as plain TCP traffic (unless the port explicitly uses Protocol: UDP to signify a UDP port).

  3. Deployments with app label: It is recommended that Pods deployed using the Kubernetes Deployment have an explicit app label in the Deployment specification. Each deployment specification should have a distinct app label with a value indicating something meaningful. The app label is used to add contextual information in distributed tracing.

  4. Sidecar in every pod in mesh: Finally, each pod in the mesh must be running an Istio compatible sidecar. The following sections describe two ways of injecting the Istio sidecar into a pod: manually using istioctl CLI tool or automatically using the Istio Initializer. Note that the sidecar is not involved in traffic between containers in the same pod.

Injection

Manual injection modifies the controller configuration, e.g. deployment. It does this by modifying the pod template spec such that all pods for that deployment are created with the injected sidecar. Adding/Updating/Removing the sidecar requires modifying the entire deployment.

Automatic injection injects at pod creation time. The controller resource is unmodified. Sidecars can be updated selectively by manually deleting a pods or systematically with a deployment rolling update.

Manual and automatic injection use the same templated configuration. Automatic injection loads the configuration from the istio-inject ConfigMap in the istio-system namespace. Manual injection can load from a local file or from the ConfigMap.

Two variants of the injection configuration are provided with the default install: istio-sidecar-injector-configmap-release.yaml and istio-sidecar-injector-configmap-debug.yaml. The injection configmap includes the default injection policy and sidecar injection template. The debug version includes debug proxy images and additional logging and core dump functionality using for debugging the sidecar proxy.

Manual sidecar injection

Use the built-in defaults template and dynamically fetch the mesh configuration from the istio ConfigMap. Additional parameter overrides are available via flags (see istioctl kube-inject --help).

kubectl apply -f <(~istioctl kube-inject -f samples/sleep/sleep.yaml)

kube-inject can also be run without access to a running Kubernetes cluster. Create local copies of the injection and mesh configmap.

kubectl create -f install/kubernetes/istio-sidecar-injector-configmap-release.yaml \
    --dry-run \
    -o=jsonpath='{.data.config}' > inject-config.yaml
    
kubectl -n istio-system get configmap istio -o=jsonpath='{.data.mesh}' > mesh-config.yaml

Run kube-inject` over the input file.

istioctl kube-inject \
    --injectConfigFile inject-config.yaml \
    --meshConfigFile mesh-config.yaml \
    --filename samples/sleep/sleep.yaml \
    --output sleep-injected.yaml

Deploy the injected YAML file.

kubectl apply -f sleep-injected.yaml

Verify that the sidecar has been injected into the deployment.

kubectl get deployment sleep -o wide

NAME      DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE       CONTAINERS          IMAGES                             SELECTOR
sleep     1         1         1            1           2h        sleep,istio-proxy   tutum/curl,unknown/proxy:unknown   app=sleep

Automatic sidecar injection

Sidecars can be automatically added to applicable Kubernetes pods using a mutating webhook admission controller, available in Kubernetes 1.9 and above.

Prerequisites

A Kubernetes 1.9 cluster is required, with the admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 API enabled. This is enabled by default on most instllations. If you want to check, you can grep:

kubectl api-versions | grep admissionregistration

You should see

admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1

Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)

Kubernetes 1.9 is generally available on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). At the time of writing it is not the default version, so to create a cluster:

gcloud container clusters create <cluster-name> \
    --cluster-version=1.9.2-gke.1 
    --zone <zone>
    --project <project-name>

gcloud container clusters get-credentials <cluster-name> \
    --zone <zone> \
    --project <project-name>

kubectl create clusterrolebinding cluster-admin-binding \
    --clusterrole=cluster-admin \
    --user=$(gcloud config get-value core/account)

minikube

Minikube version v0.25.0 or later is required for Kubernetes v1.9. Get the latest version from https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/releases.

minikube start \
	--extra-config=controller-manager.ClusterSigningCertFile="/var/lib/localkube/certs/ca.crt" \
	--extra-config=controller-manager.ClusterSigningKeyFile="/var/lib/localkube/certs/ca.key" \
	--extra-config=apiserver.Admission.PluginNames=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,PersistentVolumeLabel,DefaultStorageClass,DefaultTolerationSeconds,MutatingAdmissionWebhook,ValidatingAdmissionWebhook,ResourceQuota \
	--kubernetes-version=v1.9.0

AWS (with Kops)

When you install a new cluster with Kubernetes version 1.9, prerequisite for admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 enabled is covered.

Nevertheless the list of admission controllers needs to be updated.

kops edit cluster $YOURCLUSTER

Add following in the configuration file just openned:

kubeAPIServer:
    admissionControl:
    - NamespaceLifecycle
    - LimitRanger
    - ServiceAccount
    - PersistentVolumeLabel
    - DefaultStorageClass
    - DefaultTolerationSeconds
    - MutatingAdmissionWebhook
    - ValidatingAdmissionWebhook
    - ResourceQuota
    - Initializers
    - NodeRestriction
    - Priority

Perform the update

kops update cluster
kops update cluster --yes

Launch the rolling update

kops rolling-update cluster
kops rolling-update cluster --yes

Validate with a ps on master node, you should see new admission controller

/bin/sh -c /usr/local/bin/kube-apiserver --address=127.0.0.1 --admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,PersistentVolumeLabel,DefaultStorageClass,DefaultTolerationSeconds,MutatingAdmissionWebhook,ValidatingAdmissionWebhook,ResourceQuota,Initializers,NodeRestriction,Priority [...]

Installing the Webhook

NOTE: The 0.5.0 and 0.5.1 releases are missing scripts to provision webhook certificates. Download the missing files from here and here. Subsqeuent releases (> 0.5.1) should include these missing files.

Install base Istio.

kubectl apply -f install/kubernetes/istio.yaml

Webhooks requires a signed cert/key pair. Use install/kubernetes/webhook-create-signed-cert.sh to generate a cert/key pair signed by the Kubernetes’ CA. The resulting cert/key file is stored as a Kubernetes secret for the sidecar injector webhook to consume.

Note: Kubernetes CA approval requires permissions to create and approve CSR. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tls/managing-tls-in-a-cluster and install/kubernetes/webhook-create-signed-cert.sh for more information.

./install/kubernetes/webhook-create-signed-cert.sh \
    --service istio-sidecar-injector \
    --namespace istio-system \
    --secret sidecar-injector-certs

Install the sidecar injection configmap.

kubectl apply -f install/kubernetes/istio-sidecar-injector-configmap-release.yaml

Set the caBundle in the webhook install YAML that the Kubernetes api-server uses to invoke the webhook.

cat install/kubernetes/istio-sidecar-injector.yaml | \
     ./install/kubernetes/webhook-patch-ca-bundle.sh > \
     install/kubernetes/istio-sidecar-injector-with-ca-bundle.yaml

Install the sidecar injector webhook.

kubectl apply -f install/kubernetes/istio-sidecar-injector-with-ca-bundle.yaml

The sidecar injector webhook should now be running.

kubectl -n istio-system get deployment -listio=sidecar-injector

NAME                     DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
istio-sidecar-injector   1         1         1            1           1d

NamespaceSelector decides whether to run the webhook on an object based on whether the namespace for that object matches the selector (see https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/labels/#label-selectors). The default webhook configuration uses istio-injection=enabled.

View namespaces showing istio-injection label and verify the default namespace is not labeled.

kubectl get namespace -L istio-injection

NAME           STATUS        AGE       ISTIO-INJECTION
default        Active        1h        
istio-system   Active        1h        
kube-public    Active        1h        
kube-system    Active        1h

Deploying an app

Deploy sleep app. Verify both deployment and pod have a single container.

kubectl apply -f samples/sleep/sleep.yaml 

kubectl get deployment -o wide

NAME      DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE       CONTAINERS   IMAGES       SELECTOR
sleep     1         1         1            1           12m       sleep        tutum/curl   app=sleep

kubectl get pod

NAME                     READY     STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
sleep-776b7bcdcd-7hpnk   1/1       Running       0          4

Label the default namespace with istio-injection=enabled

kubectl label namespace default istio-injection=enabled

kubectl get namespace -L istio-injection

NAME           STATUS    AGE       ISTIO-INJECTION
default        Active    1h        enabled
istio-system   Active    1h        
kube-public    Active    1h        
kube-system    Active    1h

Injection occurs at pod creation time. Kill the running pod and verify a new pod is created with the injected sidecar. The original pod has 1/1 READY containers and the pod with injected sidecar has 2/2 READY containers.

kubectl delete pod sleep-776b7bcdcd-7hpnk 

kubectl get pod

NAME                     READY     STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
sleep-776b7bcdcd-7hpnk   1/1       Terminating   0          1m
sleep-776b7bcdcd-bhn9m   2/2       Running       0          7s

Disable injection for the default namespace and verify new pods are created without the sidecar.

kubectl label namespace default istio-injection-

kubectl delete pod sleep-776b7bcdcd-bhn9m 

kubectl get pod

NAME                     READY     STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
sleep-776b7bcdcd-bhn9m   2/2       Terminating   0          2m
sleep-776b7bcdcd-gmvnr   1/1       Running       0          2s

Understanding what happened

admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1alpha1#MutatingWebhookConfiguration configures when the webhook is invoked by Kubernetes. The default supplied with Istio selects pods in namespaces with label istio-injection=enabled. This can be changed by modifying the MutatingWebhookConfiguration in install/kubernetes/istio-sidecar-injector-with-ca-bundle.yaml.

The istio-inject ConfigMap in the istio-system namespace the default injection policy and sidecar injection template.

policy

disabled - The sidecar injector will not inject the sidecar into pods by default. Add the sidecar.istio.io/inject annotation with value true to the pod template spec to enable injection.

enabled - The sidecar injector will inject the sidecar into pods by default. Add the sidecar.istio.io/inject annotation with value false to the pod template spec to disable injection.

template

The sidecar injection template uses https://golang.org/pkg/text/template which, when parsed and exectuted, is decoded to the following struct containing the list of containers and volumes to inject into the pod.

type SidecarInjectionSpec struct {
      InitContainers []v1.Container `yaml:"initContainers"`
      Containers     []v1.Container `yaml:"containers"`
      Volumes        []v1.Volume    `yaml:"volumes"`
}

The template is applied to the following data structure at runtime.

type SidecarTemplateData struct {
    ObjectMeta  *metav1.ObjectMeta        
    Spec        *v1.PodSpec               
    ProxyConfig *meshconfig.ProxyConfig  // Defined by https://istio.io/docs/reference/config/service-mesh.html#proxyconfig
    MeshConfig  *meshconfig.MeshConfig   // Defined by https://istio.io/docs/reference/config/service-mesh.html#meshconfig 
}

ObjectMeta and Spec are from the pod. ProxyConfig and MeshConfig are from the istio ConfigMap in the istio-system namespace. Templates can conditional define injected containers and volumes with this data.

For example, the following template snippet from install/kubernetes/istio-sidecar-injector-configmap-release.yaml

containers:
- name: istio-proxy
  image: istio.io/proxy:0.5.0
  args:
  - proxy
  - sidecar
  - --configPath
  - {{ .ProxyConfig.ConfigPath }}
  - --binaryPath
  - {{ .ProxyConfig.BinaryPath }}
  - --serviceCluster
  {{ if ne "" (index .ObjectMeta.Labels "app") -}}
  - {{ index .ObjectMeta.Labels "app" }}
  {{ else -}}
  - "istio-proxy"
  {{ end -}}

expands to

containers:
- name: istio-proxy
  image: istio.io/proxy:0.5.0
  args:
  - proxy
  - sidecar
  - --configPath
  - /etc/istio/proxy
  - --binaryPath
  - /usr/local/bin/envoy
  - --serviceCluster
  - sleep

when applied over a pod defined by the pod template spec in samples/sleep/sleep.yaml.

Uninstalling the webhook

kubectl delete -f install/kubernetes/istio-sidecar-injector-with-ca-bundle.yaml

The above command will not remove the injected sidecars from Pods. A rolling update or simply deleting the pods and forcing the deployment to create them is required.