Accessing External Services

12 minute read

Because all outbound traffic from an Istio-enabled pod is redirected to its sidecar proxy by default, accessibility of URLs outside of the cluster depends on the configuration of the proxy. By default, Istio configures the Envoy proxy to passthrough requests for unknown services. Although this provides a convenient way to get started with Istio, configuring stricter control is usually preferable.

This task shows you how to access external services in three different ways:

Allow the Envoy proxy to pass requests through to services that are not configured inside the mesh.
Configure service entries to provide controlled access to external services.
Completely bypass the Envoy proxy for a specific range of IPs.

Before you begin

Setup Istio by following the instructions in the Installation guide.
Deploy the sleep sample app to use as a test source for sending requests. If you have automatic sidecar injection enabled, run the following command to deploy the sample app:
Zip
```
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@
```
Otherwise, manually inject the sidecar before deploying the sleep application with the following command:
Zip
```
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@)
```
You can use any pod with curl installed as a test source.

Set the SOURCE_POD environment variable to the name of your source pod:

$ export SOURCE_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})

Envoy passthrough to external services

Istio has an installation option, global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode, that configures the sidecar handling of external services, that is, those services that are not defined in Istio’s internal service registry. If this option is set to ALLOW_ANY, the Istio proxy lets calls to unknown services pass through. If the option is set to REGISTRY_ONLY, then the Istio proxy blocks any host without an HTTP service or service entry defined within the mesh. ALLOW_ANY is the default value, allowing you to start evaluating Istio quickly, without controlling access to external services. You can then decide to configure access to external services later.

To see this approach in action you need to ensure that your Istio installation is configured with the global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode option set to ALLOW_ANY. Unless you explicitly set it to REGISTRY_ONLY mode when you installed Istio, it is probably enabled by default.
Run the following command to confirm it is configured correctly:
```
$ kubectl get configmap istio -n istio-system -o yaml | grep -o "mode: ALLOW_ANY"
mode: ALLOW_ANY
```
The string mode: ALLOW_ANY should appear in the output if it is enabled.
If you have explicitly configured REGISTRY_ONLY mode, you can run the following command to change it:
```
$ kubectl get configmap istio -n istio-system -o yaml | sed 's/mode: REGISTRY_ONLY/mode: ALLOW_ANY/g' | kubectl replace -n istio-system -f -
configmap "istio" replaced
```

Make a couple of requests to external HTTPS services from the SOURCE_POD to confirm successful 200 responses:

$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl -I https://www.google.com | grep  "HTTP/"; kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl -I https://edition.cnn.com | grep "HTTP/"
HTTP/2 200
HTTP/2 200

Congratulations! You successfully sent egress traffic from your mesh.

This simple approach to access external services, has the drawback that you lose Istio monitoring and control for traffic to external services; calls to external services will not appear in the Mixer log, for example. The next section shows you how to monitor and control your mesh’s access to external services.

Controlled access to external services

Using Istio ServiceEntry configurations, you can access any publicly accessible service from within your Istio cluster. This section shows you how to configure access to an external HTTP service, httpbin.org, as well as an external HTTPS service, www.google.com without losing Istio’s traffic monitoring and control features.

Change to the blocking-by-default policy

To demonstrate the controlled way of enabling access to external services, you need to change the global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode option from the ALLOW_ANY mode to the REGISTRY_ONLY mode.

Run the following command to change the global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode option to REGISTRY_ONLY:

$ kubectl get configmap istio -n istio-system -o yaml | sed 's/mode: ALLOW_ANY/mode: REGISTRY_ONLY/g' | kubectl replace -n istio-system -f -
configmap "istio" replaced

Make a couple of requests to external HTTPS services from SOURCE_POD to verify that they are now blocked:
```
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl -I https://www.google.com | grep  "HTTP/"; kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl -I https://edition.cnn.com | grep "HTTP/"
command terminated with exit code 35
command terminated with exit code 35
```
It may take a while for the configuration change to propagate, so you might still get successful connections. Wait for several seconds and then retry the last command.

Access an external HTTP service

Create a ServiceEntry to allow access to an external HTTP service:

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
  name: httpbin-ext
spec:
  hosts:
  - httpbin.org
  ports:
  - number: 80
    name: http
    protocol: HTTP
  resolution: DNS
  location: MESH_EXTERNAL
EOF

Make a request to the external HTTP service from SOURCE_POD:

$  kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl http://httpbin.org/headers
{
  "headers": {
  "Accept": "*/*",
  "Connection": "close",
  "Host": "httpbin.org",
  "User-Agent": "curl/7.60.0",
  ...
  "X-Envoy-Decorator-Operation": "httpbin.org:80/*",
  }
}

Note the headers added by the Istio sidecar proxy: X-Envoy-Decorator-Operation.

Check the log of the sidecar proxy of SOURCE_POD:

$  kubectl logs $SOURCE_POD -c istio-proxy | tail
[2019-01-24T12:17:11.640Z] "GET /headers HTTP/1.1" 200 - 0 599 214 214 "-" "curl/7.60.0" "17fde8f7-fa62-9b39-8999-302324e6def2" "httpbin.org" "35.173.6.94:80" outbound|80||httpbin.org - 35.173.6.94:80 172.30.109.82:55314 -

Note the entry related to your HTTP request to httpbin.org/headers.

Check the Mixer log. If Istio is deployed in the istio-system namespace, the command to print the log is:

$ kubectl -n istio-system logs -l istio-mixer-type=telemetry -c mixer | grep 'httpbin.org'
{"level":"info","time":"2019-01-24T12:17:11.855496Z","instance":"accesslog.logentry.istio-system","apiClaims":"","apiKey":"","clientTraceId":"","connection_security_policy":"unknown","destinationApp":"","destinationIp":"I60GXg==","destinationName":"unknown","destinationNamespace":"default","destinationOwner":"unknown","destinationPrincipal":"","destinationServiceHost":"httpbin.org","destinationWorkload":"unknown","grpcMessage":"","grpcStatus":"","httpAuthority":"httpbin.org","latency":"214.661667ms","method":"GET","permissiveResponseCode":"none","permissiveResponsePolicyID":"none","protocol":"http","receivedBytes":270,"referer":"","reporter":"source","requestId":"17fde8f7-fa62-9b39-8999-302324e6def2","requestSize":0,"requestedServerName":"","responseCode":200,"responseSize":599,"responseTimestamp":"2019-01-24T12:17:11.855521Z","sentBytes":806,"sourceApp":"sleep","sourceIp":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAP//rB5tUg==","sourceName":"sleep-88ddbcfdd-rgk77","sourceNamespace":"default","sourceOwner":"kubernetes://apis/apps/v1/namespaces/default/deployments/sleep","sourcePrincipal":"","sourceWorkload":"sleep","url":"/headers","userAgent":"curl/7.60.0","xForwardedFor":"0.0.0.0"}

Note that the destinationServiceHost attribute is equal to httpbin.org. Also notice the HTTP-related attributes: method, url, responseCode and others. Using Istio egress traffic control, you can monitor access to external HTTP services, including the HTTP-related information of each access.

Access an external HTTPS service

Create a ServiceEntry to allow access to an external HTTPS service.

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
  name: google
spec:
  hosts:
  - www.google.com
  ports:
  - number: 443
    name: https
    protocol: HTTPS
  resolution: DNS
  location: MESH_EXTERNAL
EOF

Make a request to the external HTTPS service from SOURCE_POD:

$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl -I https://www.google.com | grep  "HTTP/"
HTTP/2 200

Check the log of the sidecar proxy of SOURCE_POD:

$ kubectl logs $SOURCE_POD -c istio-proxy | tail
[2019-01-24T12:48:54.977Z] "- - -" 0 - 601 17766 1289 - "-" "-" "-" "-" "172.217.161.36:443" outbound|443||www.google.com 172.30.109.82:59480 172.217.161.36:443 172.30.109.82:59478 www.google.com

Note the entry related to your HTTPS request to www.google.com.

Check the Mixer log. If Istio is deployed in the istio-system namespace, the command to print the log is:

$ kubectl -n istio-system logs -l istio-mixer-type=telemetry -c mixer | grep 'www.google.com'
{"level":"info","time":"2019-01-24T12:48:56.266553Z","instance":"tcpaccesslog.logentry.istio-system","connectionDuration":"1.289085134s","connectionEvent":"close","connection_security_policy":"unknown","destinationApp":"","destinationIp":"rNmhJA==","destinationName":"unknown","destinationNamespace":"default","destinationOwner":"unknown","destinationPrincipal":"","destinationServiceHost":"www.google.com","destinationWorkload":"unknown","protocol":"tcp","receivedBytes":601,"reporter":"source","requestedServerName":"www.google.com","sentBytes":17766,"sourceApp":"sleep","sourceIp":"rB5tUg==","sourceName":"sleep-88ddbcfdd-rgk77","sourceNamespace":"default","sourceOwner":"kubernetes://apis/apps/v1/namespaces/default/deployments/sleep","sourcePrincipal":"","sourceWorkload":"sleep","totalReceivedBytes":601,"totalSentBytes":17766}

Note that the requestedServerName attribute is equal to www.google.com. Using Istio egress traffic control, you can monitor access to external HTTPS services, in particular the SNI and the number of sent and received bytes. Note that in HTTPS all the HTTP-related information like method, URL path, response code, is encrypted so Istio cannot see and cannot monitor that information for HTTPS. If you need to monitor HTTP-related information in access to external HTTPS services, you may want to let your applications issue HTTP requests and configure Istio to perform TLS origination.

Manage traffic to external services

Similar to inter-cluster requests, Istio routing rules can also be set for external services that are accessed using ServiceEntry configurations. In this example, you set a timeout rule on calls to the httpbin.org service.

From inside the pod being used as the test source, make a curl request to the /delay endpoint of the httpbin.org external service:
```
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep sh
$ time curl -o /dev/null -s -w "%{http_code}\n" http://httpbin.org/delay/5
200

real    0m5.024s
user    0m0.003s
sys     0m0.003s
```
The request should return 200 (OK) in approximately 5 seconds.

Exit the source pod and use kubectl to set a 3s timeout on calls to the httpbin.org external service:

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: httpbin-ext
spec:
  hosts:
    - httpbin.org
  http:
  - timeout: 3s
    route:
      - destination:
          host: httpbin.org
        weight: 100
EOF

Wait a few seconds, then make the curl request again:
```
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep sh
$ time curl -o /dev/null -s -w "%{http_code}\n" http://httpbin.org/delay/5
504

real    0m3.149s
user    0m0.004s
sys     0m0.004s
```
This time a 504 (Gateway Timeout) appears after 3 seconds. Although httpbin.org was waiting 5 seconds, Istio cut off the request at 3 seconds.

Cleanup the controlled access to external services

$ kubectl delete serviceentry httpbin-ext google
$ kubectl delete virtualservice httpbin-ext --ignore-not-found=true

Direct access to external services

If you want to completely bypass Istio for a specific IP range, you can configure the Envoy sidecars to prevent them from intercepting external requests. To set up the bypass, change either the global.proxy.includeIPRanges or the global.proxy.excludeIPRanges configuration option and update the istio-sidecar-injector configuration map using the kubectl apply command. This can also be configured on a pod by setting corresponding annotations such as traffic.sidecar.istio.io/includeOutboundIPRanges. After updating the istio-sidecar-injector configuration, it affects all future application pod deployments.

A simple way to exclude all external IPs from being redirected to the sidecar proxy is to set the global.proxy.includeIPRanges configuration option to the IP range or ranges used for internal cluster services. These IP range values depend on the platform where your cluster runs.

Determine the internal IP ranges for your platform

Set the value of global.proxy.includeIPRanges according to your cluster provider.

IBM Cloud Private

Get your service_cluster_ip_range from IBM Cloud Private configuration file under cluster/config.yaml:
```
$ cat cluster/config.yaml | grep service_cluster_ip_range
```
The following is a sample output:
```
service_cluster_ip_range: 10.0.0.1/24
```
Use --set global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.0.0.1/24"

IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service

Use --set global.proxy.includeIPRanges="172.30.0.0/16\,172.21.0.0/16\,10.10.10.0/24"

Google Container Engine (GKE)

The ranges are not fixed, so you will need to run the gcloud container clusters describe command to determine the ranges to use. For example:

$ gcloud container clusters describe XXXXXXX --zone=XXXXXX | grep -e clusterIpv4Cidr -e servicesIpv4Cidr
clusterIpv4Cidr: 10.4.0.0/14
servicesIpv4Cidr: 10.7.240.0/20

Use --set global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.4.0.0/14\,10.7.240.0/20"

Azure Container Service(ACS)

Use --set global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.244.0.0/16\,10.240.0.0/16

Minikube, Docker For Desktop, Bare Metal

The default value is 10.96.0.0/12, but it’s not fixed. Use the following command to determine your actual value:

$ kubectl describe pod kube-apiserver -n kube-system | grep 'service-cluster-ip-range'
      --service-cluster-ip-range=10.96.0.0/12

Use --set global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.96.0.0/12"

Configuring the proxy bypass

Update your istio-sidecar-injector configuration map using the IP ranges specific to your platform. For example, if the range is 10.0.0.1/24, use the following command:

$ istioctl manifest apply <the flags you used to install Istio> --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.0.0.1/24"

Use the same command that you used to install Istio and add --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.0.0.1/24".

Access the external services

Because the bypass configuration only affects new deployments, you need to redeploy the sleep application as described in the Before you begin section.

After updating the istio-sidecar-injector configmap and redeploying the sleep application, the Istio sidecar will only intercept and manage internal requests within the cluster. Any external request bypasses the sidecar and goes straight to its intended destination. For example:

$ export SOURCE_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep curl http://httpbin.org/headers
{
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Connection": "close",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "curl/7.60.0"
  }
}

Unlike accessing external services through HTTP or HTTPS, you don’t see any headers related to the Istio sidecar and the requests sent to external services appear neither in the log of the sidecar nor in the Mixer log. Bypassing the Istio sidecars means you can no longer monitor the access to external services.

Cleanup the direct access to external services

Update the istio-sidecar-injector.configmap.yaml configuration map to redirect all outbound traffic to the sidecar proxies:

$ istioctl manifest apply <the flags you used to install Istio>

Understanding what happened

In this task you looked at three ways to call external services from an Istio mesh:

Configuring Envoy to allow access to any external service.
Use a service entry to register an accessible external service inside the mesh. This is the recommended approach.
Configuring the Istio sidecar to exclude external IPs from its remapped IP table.

The first approach directs traffic through the Istio sidecar proxy, including calls to services that are unknown inside the mesh. When using this approach, you can’t monitor access to external services or take advantage of Istio’s traffic control features for them. To easily switch to the second approach for specific services, simply create service entries for those external services. This process allows you to initially access any external service and then later decide whether or not to control access, enable traffic monitoring, and use traffic control features as needed.

The second approach lets you use all of the same Istio service mesh features for calls to services inside or outside of the cluster. In this task, you learned how to monitor access to external services and set a timeout rule for calls to an external service.

The third approach bypasses the Istio sidecar proxy, giving your services direct access to any external server. However, configuring the proxy this way does require cluster-provider specific knowledge and configuration. Similar to the first approach, you also lose monitoring of access to external services and you can’t apply Istio features on traffic to external services.

Security note

To implement egress traffic control in a more secure way, you must direct egress traffic through an egress gateway and review the security concerns described in the additional security considerations section.

Cleanup

Shutdown the sleep service:

$ kubectl delete -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@

Set the outbound traffic policy mode to your desired value

Check the current value:

$ kubectl get configmap istio -n istio-system -o yaml | grep -o "mode: ALLOW_ANY" | uniq
$ kubectl get configmap istio -n istio-system -o yaml | grep -o "mode: REGISTRY_ONLY" | uniq
mode: ALLOW_ANY

The output will be either mode: ALLOW_ANY or mode: REGISTRY_ONLY.

If you want to change the mode, perform the following commands:

$ kubectl get configmap istio -n istio-system -o yaml | sed 's/mode: ALLOW_ANY/mode: REGISTRY_ONLY/g' | kubectl replace -n istio-system -f -
configmap/istio replaced

$ kubectl get configmap istio -n istio-system -o yaml | sed 's/mode: REGISTRY_ONLY/mode: ALLOW_ANY/g' | kubectl replace -n istio-system -f -
configmap/istio replaced