Mutual TLS over HTTPS
This task shows how mutual TLS works with HTTPS services. It includes:
Deploying an HTTPS service without Istio sidecar
Deploying an HTTPS service with Istio with mutual TLS disabled
Deploying an HTTPS service with mutual TLS enabled. For each deployment, connect to this service and verify it works.
When the Istio sidecar is deployed with an HTTPS service, the proxy automatically downgrades from L7 to L4 (no matter mutual TLS is enabled or not), which means it does not terminate the original HTTPS traffic. And this is the reason Istio can work on HTTPS services.
Before you begin
Set up Istio by following the instructions in the quick start. Note that default mutual TLS authentication should be disabled when installing Istio; e.g. option 1 in the quick start.
The demo is also assumed to be running in a namespace where automatic sidecar injection is
disabled, and Istio sidecars are instead manually injected with istioctl.
Generate certificates and configmap
The following examples consider an NGINX service pod which can encrypt traffic using HTTPS. Before beginning, generate the TLS certificate and key that this service will use.
You need to have openssl installed to run these commands:
$ openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /tmp/nginx.key -out /tmp/nginx.crt -subj "/CN=my-nginx/O=my-nginx"
$ kubectl create secret tls nginxsecret --key /tmp/nginx.key --cert /tmp/nginx.crt
secret "nginxsecret" created
Create a configmap used for the HTTPS service
$ kubectl create configmap nginxconfigmap --from-file=samples/https/default.conf
configmap "nginxconfigmap" created
Deploy an HTTPS service without the Istio sidecar
This section creates a NGINX-based HTTPS service.
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/https/nginx-app.yaml@
service "my-nginx" created
replicationcontroller "my-nginx" created
Then, create another pod to call this service.
$ kubectl apply -f <(bin/istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@)
Get the pods
$ kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
my-nginx-jwwck 1/1 Running 0 1h
sleep-847544bbfc-d27jg 2/2 Running 0 18h
Ssh into the istio-proxy container of sleep pod.
$ kubectl exec -it $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c istio-proxy /bin/bash
Call my-nginx
$ curl https://my-nginx -k
...
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
...
You can actually combine the above three command into one:
$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c istio-proxy -- curl https://my-nginx -k
...
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
...
Create an HTTPS service with the Istio sidecar and mutual TLS disabled
In “Before you begin” section, the Istio control plane is deployed with mutual TLS disabled. So you only need to redeploy the NGINX HTTPS service with sidecar.
Delete the HTTPS service.
$ kubectl delete -f @samples/https/nginx-app.yaml@
Deploy it with a sidecar
$ kubectl apply -f <(bin/istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/https/nginx-app.yaml@)
Make sure the pod is up and running
$ kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
my-nginx-6svcc 2/2 Running 0 1h
sleep-847544bbfc-d27jg 2/2 Running 0 18h
And run
$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -- curl https://my-nginx -k
...
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
...
If you run from the istio-proxy container, it should work as well:
$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c istio-proxy -- curl https://my-nginx -k
...
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
...
Create an HTTPS service with Istio sidecar with mutual TLS enabled
You need to deploy Istio control plane with mutual TLS enabled. If you have the Istio control plane with mutual TLS disabled installed, please delete it. For example, if you followed the quick start:
$ kubectl delete -f install/kubernetes/istio-demo.yaml
And wait for everything to have been deleted, i.e., there is no pod in the control plane namespace (istio-system):
$ kubectl get pod -n istio-system
No resources found.
Then deploy the Istio control plane with mutual TLS enabled:
$ kubectl apply -f install/kubernetes/istio-demo-auth.yaml
Make sure everything is up and running:
$ kubectl get po -n istio-system
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
grafana-6f6dff9986-r6xnq 1/1 Running 0 23h
istio-citadel-599f7cbd46-85mtq 1/1 Running 0 1h
istio-cleanup-old-ca-mcq94 0/1 Completed 0 23h
istio-egressgateway-78dd788b6d-jfcq5 1/1 Running 0 23h
istio-ingressgateway-7dd84b68d6-dxf28 1/1 Running 0 23h
istio-mixer-post-install-g8n9d 0/1 Completed 0 23h
istio-pilot-d5bbc5c59-6lws4 2/2 Running 0 23h
istio-policy-64595c6fff-svs6v 2/2 Running 0 23h
istio-sidecar-injector-645c89bc64-h2dnx 1/1 Running 0 23h
istio-statsd-prom-bridge-949999c4c-mv8qt 1/1 Running 0 23h
istio-telemetry-cfb674b6c-rgdhb 2/2 Running 0 23h
istio-tracing-754cdfd695-wqwr4 1/1 Running 0 23h
prometheus-86cb6dd77c-ntw88 1/1 Running 0 23h
Then redeploy the HTTPS service and sleep service
$ kubectl delete -f <(bin/istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@)
$ kubectl apply -f <(bin/istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@)
$ kubectl delete -f <(bin/istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/https/nginx-app.yaml@)
$ kubectl apply -f <(bin/istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/https/nginx-app.yaml@)
Make sure the pod is up and running
$ kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
my-nginx-9dvet 2/2 Running 0 1h
sleep-77f457bfdd-hdknx 2/2 Running 0 18h
And run
$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -- curl https://my-nginx -k
...
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
...
The reason is that for the workflow “sleep -> sleep-proxy -> nginx-proxy -> nginx”,
the whole flow is L7 traffic, and there is a L4 mutual TLS encryption between sleep-proxy
and nginx-proxy. In this case, everything works fine.
However, if you run this command from the istio-proxy container, it will not work:
$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c istio-proxy -- curl https://my-nginx -k
curl: (35) gnutls_handshake() failed: Handshake failed
command terminated with exit code 35
The reason is that for the workflow “sleep-proxy -> nginx-proxy -> nginx”, nginx-proxy is expected mutual TLS traffic from sleep-proxy. In the command above, sleep-proxy does not provide client cert. As a result, it won’t work. Moreover, even sleep-proxy provides client cert in above command, it won’t work either since the traffic will be downgraded to http from nginx-proxy to nginx.
Cleanup
$ kubectl delete -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@
$ kubectl delete -f @samples/https/nginx-app.yaml@
$ kubectl delete configmap nginxconfigmap
$ kubectl delete secret nginxsecret