Authentication Policy

13 minute read page test

This task covers the primary activities you might need to perform when enabling, configuring, and using Istio authentication policies. Find out more about the underlying concepts in the authentication overview.

Before you begin

Understand Istio authentication policy and related mutual TLS authentication concepts.
Install Istio on a Kubernetes cluster with the default configuration profile, as described in installation steps.

$ istioctl install --set profile=default

Setup

Our examples use two namespaces foo and bar, with two services, httpbin and curl, both running with an Envoy proxy. We also use second instances of httpbin and curl running without the sidecar in the legacy namespace. If you’d like to use the same examples when trying the tasks, run the following:

$ kubectl create ns foo
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@) -n foo
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/curl/curl.yaml@) -n foo
$ kubectl create ns bar
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@) -n bar
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/curl/curl.yaml@) -n bar
$ kubectl create ns legacy
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@ -n legacy
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/curl/curl.yaml@ -n legacy

You can verify setup by sending an HTTP request with curl from any curl pod in the namespace foo, bar or legacy to either httpbin.foo, httpbin.bar or httpbin.legacy. All requests should succeed with HTTP code 200.

For example, here is a command to check curl.bar to httpbin.foo reachability:

$ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -n bar -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c curl -n bar -- curl http://httpbin.foo:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
200

This one-liner command conveniently iterates through all reachability combinations:

$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c curl -n ${from} -- curl -s "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "curl.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
curl.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.legacy to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.legacy to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200

Verify there is no peer authentication policy in the system with the following command:

$ kubectl get peerauthentication --all-namespaces
No resources found

Last but not least, verify that there are no destination rules that apply on the example services. You can do this by checking the host: value of existing destination rules and make sure they do not match. For example:

$ kubectl get destinationrules.networking.istio.io --all-namespaces -o yaml | grep "host:"

Auto mutual TLS

By default, Istio tracks the server workloads migrated to Istio proxies, and configures client proxies to send mutual TLS traffic to those workloads automatically, and to send plain text traffic to workloads without sidecars.

Thus, all traffic between workloads with proxies uses mutual TLS, without you doing anything. For example, take the response from a request to httpbin/header. When using mutual TLS, the proxy injects the X-Forwarded-Client-Cert header to the upstream request to the backend. That header’s presence is evidence that mutual TLS is used. For example:

$ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c curl -n foo -- curl -s http://httpbin.foo:8000/headers -s | jq '.headers["X-Forwarded-Client-Cert"][0]' | sed 's/Hash=[a-z0-9]*;/Hash=<redacted>;/'
  "By=spiffe://cluster.local/ns/foo/sa/httpbin;Hash=<redacted>;Subject=\"\";URI=spiffe://cluster.local/ns/foo/sa/curl"

When the server doesn’t have sidecar, the X-Forwarded-Client-Cert header is not there, which implies requests are in plain text.

$ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c curl -n foo -- curl http://httpbin.legacy:8000/headers -s | grep X-Forwarded-Client-Cert

Globally enabling Istio mutual TLS in STRICT mode

While Istio automatically upgrades all traffic between the proxies and the workloads to mutual TLS, workloads can still receive plain text traffic. To prevent non-mutual TLS traffic for the whole mesh, set a mesh-wide peer authentication policy with the mutual TLS mode set to STRICT. The mesh-wide peer authentication policy should not have a selector and must be applied in the root namespace, for example:

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
  name: "default"
  namespace: "istio-system"
spec:
  mtls:
    mode: STRICT
EOF

This peer authentication policy configures workloads to only accept requests encrypted with TLS. Since it doesn’t specify a value for the selector field, the policy applies to all workloads in the mesh.

Run the test command again:

$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c curl -n ${from} -- curl "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "curl.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
curl.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
command terminated with exit code 56
curl.legacy to httpbin.bar: 000
command terminated with exit code 56
curl.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200

You see requests still succeed, except for those from the client that doesn’t have proxy, curl.legacy, to the server with a proxy, httpbin.foo or httpbin.bar. This is expected because mutual TLS is now strictly required, but the workload without sidecar cannot comply.

Cleanup part 1

Remove global authentication policy added in the session:

$ kubectl delete peerauthentication -n istio-system default

Enable mutual TLS per namespace or workload

Namespace-wide policy

To change mutual TLS for all workloads within a particular namespace, use a namespace-wide policy. The specification of the policy is the same as for a mesh-wide policy, but you specify the namespace it applies to under metadata. For example, the following peer authentication policy enables strict mutual TLS for the foo namespace:

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
  name: "default"
  namespace: "foo"
spec:
  mtls:
    mode: STRICT
EOF

As this policy is applied on workloads in namespace foo only, you should see only request from client-without-sidecar (curl.legacy) to httpbin.foo start to fail.

$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c curl -n ${from} -- curl "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "curl.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
curl.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
command terminated with exit code 56
curl.legacy to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200

Enable mutual TLS per workload

To set a peer authentication policy for a specific workload, you must configure the selector section and specify the labels that match the desired workload. For example, the following peer authentication policy enables strict mutual TLS for the httpbin.bar workload:

$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
  name: "httpbin"
  namespace: "bar"
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: httpbin
  mtls:
    mode: STRICT
EOF

Again, run the probing command. As expected, request from curl.legacy to httpbin.bar starts failing with the same reasons.

$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c curl -n ${from} -- curl "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "curl.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
curl.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
command terminated with exit code 56
curl.legacy to httpbin.bar: 000
command terminated with exit code 56
curl.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200

...
curl.legacy to httpbin.bar: 000
command terminated with exit code 56

To refine the mutual TLS settings per port, you must configure the portLevelMtls section. For example, the following peer authentication policy requires mutual TLS on all ports, except port 8080:

$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
  name: "httpbin"
  namespace: "bar"
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: httpbin
  mtls:
    mode: STRICT
  portLevelMtls:
    8080:
      mode: DISABLE
EOF

The port value in the peer authentication policy is the container’s port.
You can only use portLevelMtls if the port is bound to a service. Istio ignores it otherwise.

$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c curl -n ${from} -- curl "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "curl.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
curl.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
curl.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
command terminated with exit code 56
curl.legacy to httpbin.bar: 200
curl.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200

Policy precedence

A workload-specific peer authentication policy takes precedence over a namespace-wide policy. You can test this behavior if you add a policy to disable mutual TLS for the httpbin.foo workload, for example. Note that you’ve already created a namespace-wide policy that enables mutual TLS for all services in namespace foo and observe that requests from curl.legacy to httpbin.foo are failing (see above).

$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n foo -f -
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
  name: "overwrite-example"
  namespace: "foo"
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: httpbin
  mtls:
    mode: DISABLE
EOF

Re-running the request from curl.legacy, you should see a success return code again (200), confirming service-specific policy overrides the namespace-wide policy.

$ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -n legacy -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c curl -n legacy -- curl http://httpbin.foo:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
200

Cleanup part 2

Remove policies created in the above steps:

$ kubectl delete peerauthentication default overwrite-example -n foo
$ kubectl delete peerauthentication httpbin -n bar

End-user authentication

To experiment with this feature, you need a valid JWT. The JWT must correspond to the JWKS endpoint you want to use for the demo. This tutorial uses the test token JWT test and JWKS endpoint from the Istio code base.

Also, for convenience, expose httpbin.foo via an ingress gateway (for more details, see the ingress task).

Istio supports the Kubernetes Gateway API and intends to make it the default API for traffic management in the future. The following instructions allow you to choose to use either the Gateway API or the Istio configuration API when configuring traffic management in the mesh. Follow instructions under either the Gateway API or Istio APIs tab, according to your preference.

Note that the Kubernetes Gateway API CRDs do not come installed by default on most Kubernetes clusters, so make sure they are installed before using the Gateway API:

$ kubectl get crd gateways.gateway.networking.k8s.io &> /dev/null || \
  { kubectl apply -f https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/releases/download/v1.2.0/standard-install.yaml; }

Configure the gateway:

$ kubectl apply -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin-gateway.yaml@ -n foo

Follow the instructions in Determining the ingress IP and ports to define the INGRESS_PORT and INGRESS_HOST environment variables.

Create the gateway:

$ kubectl apply -f @samples/httpbin/gateway-api/httpbin-gateway.yaml@ -n foo
$ kubectl wait --for=condition=programmed gtw -n foo httpbin-gateway

Set the INGRESS_PORT and INGRESS_HOST environment variables:

$ export INGRESS_HOST=$(kubectl get gtw httpbin-gateway -n foo -o jsonpath='{.status.addresses[0].value}')
$ export INGRESS_PORT=$(kubectl get gtw httpbin-gateway -n foo -o jsonpath='{.spec.listeners[?(@.name=="http")].port}')

Run a test query through the gateway:

$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
200

Now, add a request authentication policy that requires end-user JWT for the ingress gateway.

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: RequestAuthentication
metadata:
  name: "jwt-example"
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      istio: ingressgateway
  jwtRules:
  - issuer: "testing@secure.istio.io"
    jwksUri: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.24/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json"
EOF

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: RequestAuthentication
metadata:
  name: "jwt-example"
  namespace: foo
spec:
  targetRef:
    kind: Gateway
    group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    name: httpbin-gateway
  jwtRules:
  - issuer: "testing@secure.istio.io"
    jwksUri: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.24/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json"
EOF

Apply the policy in the namespace of the workload it selects, the ingress gateway in this case.

If you provide a token in the authorization header, its implicitly default location, Istio validates the token using the public key set, and rejects requests if the bearer token is invalid. However, requests without tokens are accepted. To observe this behavior, retry the request without a token, with a bad token, and with a valid token:

$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
200

$ curl --header "Authorization: Bearer deadbeef" "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
401

$ TOKEN=$(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.24/security/tools/jwt/samples/demo.jwt -s)
$ curl --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
200

To observe other aspects of JWT validation, use the script gen-jwt.py to generate new tokens to test with different issuer, audiences, expiry date, etc. The script can be downloaded from the Istio repository:

$ wget --no-verbose https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.24/security/tools/jwt/samples/gen-jwt.py

You also need the key.pem file:

$ wget --no-verbose https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.24/security/tools/jwt/samples/key.pem

The JWT authentication has 60 seconds clock skew, this means the JWT token will become valid 60 seconds earlier than its configured nbf and remain valid 60 seconds after its configured exp.

For example, the command below creates a token that expires in 5 seconds. As you see, Istio authenticates requests using that token successfully at first but rejects them after 65 seconds:

$ TOKEN=$(python3 ./gen-jwt.py ./key.pem --expire 5)
$ for i in $(seq 1 10); do curl --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"; sleep 10; done
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
401
401
401

You can also add a JWT policy to an ingress gateway (e.g., service istio-ingressgateway.istio-system.svc.cluster.local). This is often used to define a JWT policy for all services bound to the gateway, instead of for individual services.

Require a valid token

To reject requests without valid tokens, add an authorization policy with a rule specifying a DENY action for requests without request principals, shown as notRequestPrincipals: ["*"] in the following example. Request principals are available only when valid JWT tokens are provided. The rule therefore denies requests without valid tokens.

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
  name: "frontend-ingress"
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      istio: ingressgateway
  action: DENY
  rules:
  - from:
    - source:
        notRequestPrincipals: ["*"]
EOF

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
  name: "frontend-ingress"
  namespace: foo
spec:
  targetRef:
    kind: Gateway
    group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    name: httpbin-gateway
  action: DENY
  rules:
  - from:
    - source:
        notRequestPrincipals: ["*"]
EOF

Retry the request without a token. The request now fails with error code 403:

$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
403

Require valid tokens per-path

To refine authorization with a token requirement per host, path, or method, change the authorization policy to only require JWT on /headers. When this authorization rule takes effect, requests to $INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers fail with the error code 403. Requests to all other paths succeed, for example $INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/ip.

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
  name: "frontend-ingress"
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      istio: ingressgateway
  action: DENY
  rules:
  - from:
    - source:
        notRequestPrincipals: ["*"]
    to:
    - operation:
        paths: ["/headers"]
EOF

$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
  name: "frontend-ingress"
  namespace: foo
spec:
  targetRef:
    kind: Gateway
    group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    name: httpbin-gateway
  action: DENY
  rules:
  - from:
    - source:
        notRequestPrincipals: ["*"]
    to:
    - operation:
        paths: ["/headers"]
EOF

$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
403

$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
200

Cleanup part 3

Remove authentication policy:

$ kubectl -n istio-system delete requestauthentication jwt-example

Remove authorization policy:

$ kubectl -n istio-system delete authorizationpolicy frontend-ingress

Remove the token generator script and key file:
```
$ rm -f ./gen-jwt.py ./key.pem
```
If you are not planning to explore any follow-on tasks, you can remove all resources simply by deleting test namespaces.
```
$ kubectl delete ns foo bar legacy
```